ANSWERS FOR MID TEST

ANSWERS FOR MID TEST

Name :                    NURDIANTI PRAMAISELA

NIM    :                  RSA1C111018

PRODI :                 KIMIA PGSBI

1.      1A. Explain hoe the concepr of organic compounds from petroleum can be used as a fuel for vehicles such as car , motor bike , including aricraft .

 B Explain it how the idea of chemical compounds of petroleum can be used to make clothing and plastic and materials needs of other human lives .

2.       2. Explain why the hydrocarbon asymetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for human being . and describe how does it the chiral centers can be formed .

3.      3.  When ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe . how do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas.

4.       4. Aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugated . please explain why an unsaturated compund which highly conjugated but is not aromatic?

ANSWER
1.a. Petroleum is found in conjunction with natural gas. Petroleum that has been separated from the natural gas is also called crude oil (crude oil). Crude oil can be distinguished:• light crude oil (light crude oil) containing low levels of metals and sulfur, are light-colored and thin (low viscosity).• heavy crude oil (heavy crude oil) containing high levels of metals and sulfur, has a high viscosity so it must be heated in order to melt.In the process of distillation rise, crude oil is not separated into pure components, but into factions, the groups have a certain boiling point ranges. This is because so many types of hydrocarbon components and isomers of hydrocarbons having boiling points close together. Distilled rise can be explained as follows:• Crude oil is heated in a boiler using high-pressure steam to a temperature of ~ 600oC. Crude oil vapor is then poured into the bottom of the tower / distillation furnace.• In the distillation tower, crude oil vapor moves upward through the plates (tray). Each plate has a lot of holes that come with cap bubbles (bubble cap) that allow vapor through.• In this movement, crude oil vapor would be cool. Some steam will reach a height where steam will be condensed to form liquid water. Liquid obtained within a certain temperature range is called a fraction.• fraction containing compounds with high boiling point will condense at the bottom of the distillation tower. While the fraction of compounds with low boiling points will condense at the top of the tower.b. Petroleum or petroleum is also dubbed as the black gold, the liquid is thick, dark brown or greenish flammable, and are in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum is composed of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, which largely consists of a series of alkanes but vary in appearance, composition, and purity.Oil is a natural material with different types of chemical compounds, which can be used in a variety of industrial raw materials.a. Plastic (PE)Plastic is an elastic material, heat resistant, easy to set up, lighter than wood, and are not corroded by the moisture.The chemical structure of the compounds possessed similar liquid hydrocarbon wax is allowed to be processed into high-quality lubricating oil.b. PaintCat is a product of the surface coatings industry, aiming to maintain the durability of the coated material (wood, metal or walls) and for aesthetics (beauty). This paint function is to give a good bond between the surface of the object and paint coatings. Chromium in the form polikrometik used as the final layer of paint on the vehicle.c. Textile (Nylon)The word comes from the Latin textiles texer means weaving. Textiles made of fibers that are spun, woven, knitted, woven or mesh made of yarn. Fiber can be grouped into two categories, namely natural fibers and synthetic fibers. For large-scale production of nylon as raw material used coal, petroleum, natural gas, and agricultural products. Nylon 66 (Clause 6.6 or 6 is the number of carbon atoms forming material) made from raw material caprolactam.d. PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)Monomer from PVC (poly vinyl chloride) is one of ethene hydrogen atom is replaced (substituted) with a chloride atom. Vinyl chloride with the chemical formula CH2 = CHCl called kloroetilena or chloroethene is a colorless gas, which melts at a temperature of 13.9 oC. PVC including the most widely used thermoplastics, are strong and resilient. PVC divided into two elastic PVC and hard PVC, or rigid. Type used for the elastic PVC floor coverings, toy balls, gloves, rainwear.Vinyl plastic made from natural gas, or petroleum. Vinyl can be made weak, stiff, or nodes. For materials that are not easily broken or torn, vinyl is not damaged by acid, oil or water.
 e. Glues or adhesivesAdhesives are materials to combine two objects on its surface, for example cement, tablet coatings, adhesives, or latex. Mechanism of action of the adhesive is mechanical or physical adhesion and chemical bonding.The process of gluing objects by including the adhesive into the pores of the body, resulting in mechanical locking. In chemical bonding chemical reactions occur (tensile electric) between adhesive molecules and surfaces. Generally adhesion occurs simultaneously between physical and chemical bonding.
 f. Polystyrene (PS).Polystyrene is a polymer containing styrene monomer C6H5CH = CH2. These polymers include thermoplastic group, is clear and hard plastic. Polystyrene is produced in the form of plastic foam with a commercial name Styrofoam, or as an insulating material (electricity, heat), furniture components, packaging materials, toys, and objects toilet. Styrene prepared by pyrolysis-dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Polymers are materials that anti-rust and non-flammable.

2. Amino acids in the form of ions is called zwitter ion is amphoteric (can be acid or alkaline). All amino acids except glycine, have an asymmetric C atom or chiral C atom, the C atom that binds to four different groups (group-H,-COOH,-NH2, and-R). Therefore, all the amino acids (except glycine) are optically active. That is, the compound can rotate the plane of polarization of light.
When chiral molecules (molecules that have a plane of symmetry) reflected, reflection can get just by turning the initial molecule and produce two identical molecules
Because he was able to bind to four different atoms bonded, because the atoms are bonded differences that can be dragged other atoms until she has many benefits for humans.

3 .Ethylene is a plant hormone first in the form of gas. If the fruit is ripe citrus combined with bananas, ripe bananas faster because oranges emit ethylene gas.
Ethylene is a plant and lead to faster ripening in fruits, including bananas. Ethylene formation requires O2 and is inhibited by CO2. All parts of the plant can produce ethylene gas angiosperms. Formation mainly occurs in roots, shoot apical meristem, mode, fall flowers and ripe fruit.
Ethylene gas has an effect on growth and development, fruit maturation.
because the fruit contains ethylene gas is natural gas, which contained young or young fruit. = chemical structure of acetylene gas ethylene.
  on, old fruit ethylene gas concentration increases, in order to accelerate the ripening of fruit ...
Fruit ripening process naturally produces some natural gas such as water vapor, CO2 and acetylene (C2H2 carbide gas =).
Chemistry in storage if the fruit is also added acetylene carbide will spur production of fruit ripening process will mean faster. Carbide (CaC2) if in the open air will react with water vapor in the air (H2O) little by little to produce acetylene (C2H2).
  So that makes a hormone called ethylene gas, ripe fruit (carbide = trade name). Actually plants naturally produce this hormone is to ripe fruit. However, carbide add fruit traders has more than the normal rate for the fruit to mature faster.

: 4. In order to be aromatic, all pi electrons must be paired, so it is possible overlapping (overlapping) optimal resulting in delocalization perfect.
     If siklooktatetraena flat and has a system similar to pi pi system of benzene, the orbital π1, π2, and π3 will be filled with six pi electrons pi.Dua remaining electrons will each occupy degenerate orbitals and π5 π4 (Hund's rule). Then not all the pi electrons will pair up and will not overlap maksimal.Jadi sikooktatetraena will not be aromatic.

a

Acid and Bases Organic 

      Organic acids
Organic acids are organic compounds that have a degree of acidity. The most common organic acids are the alkanoic acid having acidity with carboxyl-COOH, and sulfonic acid group-SO2OH the acidity has a relatively stronger. Stability is very important to the acid groups and determine the degree of acidity an organic compound.
Compounds called carboxylic acids, has a-COOH group, are very much in living organisms and is involved in metabolic reaction pathways. Acetic acid, pyruvic acid, and citric acid is an example. It should be noted that the physiological pH is about 7.3, so the carboxylic acids are mostly found as the anion, the carboxylate anion,-COO-.
Esters can be synthesized by the reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol-assisted acid catalyst. This reaction can be called esterification, the reaction takes place reverrsible general:
RCOOH + 'R OH R + H2O COO'R
In chemical compounds, esters are one of the organic compounds that are formed through pergatian one or more hydrogen atoms in hydroxyl groups with an organic group (usually denoted by 'R). Oxygen is an amino acid whose molecule has a hydrogen _OH group can dissociate into H +.
In karbosilat acid OH group is replaced with alcohol groups by reacting carboxylic acids and alcohols in acidic conditions. This reaction is a reversible reaction.
R COOH + 'R OH + H2O RCOO'R

1) pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid which has an important role in biochemical processes. Carboxylate anion of pyruvic acid called pyruvate.
Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to acetic acid. Pyruvic acid mixed with water, and soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. In the laboratory, pyruvic acid is made by heating a mixture of tartaric acid with potassium bisulfate, or by hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide, which is made by reaction of acetyl chloride and potassium cyanide.
Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. This compound is the metabolism of glucose is called glycolysis. A glucose molecule is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid, which is then used to generate energy. If there is enough oxygen, the pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA, which is then processed in the Krebs cycle. Pyruvate can also be converted into oxaloacetate by reaction anaploretik were then broken down into molecules of carbon dioxide. Cycle name is taken from the biochemist Hans Adolf Krebs, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology, as he managed to identify the cycle).
If there is not enough oxygen, pyruvic acid is broken down anaerobically, producing lactic acid in animals and humans, or ethanol in plants. Pyruvate is converted into lactate using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NADH through lactate fermentation, or to acetaldehyde and then ethanol through fermentation alcohol.
Pyruvic acid can also be converted to carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine and to ethanol. Pyruvic acid derivatives, 3-bromopiruvat been studied for the treatment of cancer.

2) acetic acid, ethanoic acid or acetic acid is an organic acid chemical compounds known as sour flavoring and aroma in food. Acetic acid has the empirical formula C2H4O2. This formula is often written in the form of CH3-COOH, CH3COOH, or CH3CO2H. Pure acetic acid (called glacial acetic acid) is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, and has a freezing point of 16.7 ° C.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids, as formic acid. Solution of acetic acid in water is a weak acid, meaning that only partially dissociate into H + and CH3COO-. Acetic acid is a chemical reagent and industrial raw materials is important. Acetic acid is used in the production of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate, as well as a wide range of fibers and fabrics. In the food industry, acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used as a water softener. Within a year, world demand for acetic acid to 6.5 million tons per year. 1.5 million tons per year generated from the recycling, the remainder derived from the petrochemical industry as well as from biological sources.
Acetic acid is a trivial name or trade name of this compound, and is the name most recommended by IUPAC. The name is derived from the Latin word acetum, meaning vinegar. Systematic name of this compound is ethanoic acid. Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name that refers to acetic acid which is not mixed with water. So called because water-free acetic acid forms crystals resemble ice at 16.7 ° C, slightly below room temperature.
The most commonly used abbreviations and acronyms merupakat official for acetic acid is AcOH or HOAc where Ac means an acetyl group, CH3-C (= O) -. In the context of acid-base, acetic acid is often abbreviated HAC, though many feel that the abbreviation is not true. Ac also not be confused with the symbol of the element actinium (Ac).

Organic Bases 
Organic base is characterized by the presence of atoms with a lone pair of electrons that can bind protons. Compounds containing nitrogen atom is an example of an organic base, but the oxygen-containing compounds can also act as a base when reacted with a strong acid. It should be noted that compounds containing oxygen atoms can act as an acid or alkaline, depending on the environment. As acetone and methyl alcohol can act as an acid when it donates a proton, but as a base while receiving oxygen atom proton

The organic acid is a carboxylic acid group and is an organic base is an amine compound group.
- Amina Bases
    Amine compounds characterized by amino functional group (-NH3). Amine compounds can be considered as a derivative of ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen from ammonia by organic groups. Based on the amine group distinguished on carbon aliphatic amines when bound to aliphatic carbon, for example CH3-CH2-NH2 (ethyl amine), and aromatic amines if carbon is carbon aromatic group.
- Carboxylic Acid
    Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the carboxyl functional groups formed through the combination of a carbonyl group with a hydroxyl group in a carbon trail.
Carboxylic acid derivatives are esters, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and amides.

Protein Function

Here is the function of the protein for our bodies:
1. Proteins are used for growth and repair of body tissues.
2. Protein is also a precursor chemical compounds such as enzymes that play an important role in regulating a variety of processes that occur in the body.
3. Protein can be a source of energy
4. Regulating the levels of acid-base balance in cells
5. Protein serves as a media propagation of nerve impulses. The protein has a receptor function are formed, such as rhodopsin, a protein that acts as a receptor for receiving or light color on the eye cells.
In addition to the functions mentioned above, the protein also serves as a means of transportation in the body.

Protein as a means of transport
a) Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying metaloprotein containing iron in the red cells in the blood of mammals and other animals. Hemoglobin molecule consists of globin, Apoprotein, and four heme groups, an organic molecule with an iron atom.
Mutations in these genes lead to a class of proteins hemoglobin decreased disease called hemoglobinopathy, among which the most common is sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

b) Myoglobin is a small protein (approximately 17,200 daltons) found in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, is responsible for maintaining and transferring oxygen from the hemoglobin in the circulation of the respiratory enzymes in the contractile cells. When there is damage to the muscle, myoglobin is released into the blood circulation. Myoglobin is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. If a large amount of myoglobin is released into the bloodstream, such as after severe trauma, excessive myoglobin can cause damage to the kidneys and eventually cause kidney failure.

c) Albumin is made in the liver, is the most prominent protein and negatively charged strongest to bind small molecules to be circulated through the blood. Albumin is also useful for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood.

LIPID IN LIFE

Lipids are nonpolar compounds that are not soluble in polar solvents like water, but he is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as ether. The structure shows it has a polar head and a hydrophobic tail ..
In an aqueous environment or circumstances, the head of the polar lipids are surface while the hydrophobic tails minimize contact with water. Nonpolar lipid tails formed by the lipid bilayer (two layers) and micelles. Micelles is a monolayer (one layer) that forms a circle. Micelles and lipid bilayer separating themselves from polar environments, is called the hydrophobic effect.

Lipids are usually classified by the type and number of C atoms it contains, but it can also be classified by other criteria or other compounds such as lipid binding that binds phosphorus group called phospilipid. Several classes of lipids:
a. Glycerides and fatty acids, including oil and grease,
b. Phospholipid,
c. Spingolipid,
d. Glycolipids, and
e. Terpenoids, including steroid sap.

One type of lipid is a lipid composed of fatty acids. Fatty acids are one of the raw materials for all lipids in living things. The fatty acids can be found in the free form (because fat is hydrolyzed) or in the form of glycerides.
Long chain fatty acids have C atoms, which usually amounts ranged from 14-24 carbon atoms. The longer the chain of atoms C, lipid will be more easily freeze and the sparingly soluble in water.
Fatty acids are divided into saturated fatty acids and unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between atoms C compiler. While unsaturated fatty acid having at least one double bond between atoms C compiler.
Saturated fatty acids are more stable than unsaturated fatty acids. This is because the saturated fatty acids are not easily react with other compounds whereas unsaturated fatty acids more readily react because its double bond can be released and bind other compounds. The position of the double bonds also determines the reaction. The closer to the end, the double bonds react more easily.
The presence of double bonds in the unsaturated fat makes it have two forms cis and trans. Due polarisasai H atom, cis fatty acids have a chain curve. While trans fatty acids do not experience the strong polarization effects and the chain is relatively straight for his H lies opposite.
Lipid function for the body are:
1. As a composer or order the cell membrane and organelles.
2. Can be converted to oxidized saccharide as an energy source. Of lipids, ATP produced double the amount of ATP produced by Glycogen.
3. As the stored energy in fat tissue which at times can be adsorbed to oxidized.
4. Cytoplasm in order to insulate the synthesis and metabolism of substances more effectively. With the layer of fat / lipid metabolism and the chemical reaction is limited to a restricted environment only. So the use of the enzyme and the substrate becomes more efficient and the reaction becomes faster tempo.
5. As a precursor prostaglendin (prostate gland).
6. Launching adsorption of fat-soluble vitamins. For example, vitamin A, D, E, and K. Because these vitamins can only be digested, adsorbed, and distributed with the help of fat.

Organic compounds in the life 

There are three important components of the energy producer is in need for every human being. 

1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates as nutrients is the name of a group of organic substances that have a molecular structure that is different, although there are similarities in terms of chemistry and function. Carbohydrates have an important role in determining the characteristics of foods, such as flavor, color, texture, and others. Carbohydrates are called sugar sweet (sugar). Of several classes of carbohydrates, there is a producer of fibers that are very useful as a diet (dietary fiber), which is useful for human digestion.Cluster carbohydrates
 
According to the size of molecules, carbohydrates can be divided into several groups as follows-

•  Monosaccharides, including glucose, fructose, and galactose.
•  Disaccharides, including sucrose, maltose, and lactose. 
•  Polysaccharides, including starch, cellulose, and glycogen.  

Disaccharide 
Disaccharide is a carbohydrate molecule composed of two monosaccharides, linked by glycoside bonds. Glycoside bond formed between atoms C 1 a monosaccharide O atom of OH with other monosaccharides. 1 mole of disaccharide hydrolysis will produce 2 moles of monosaccharide. Here are some disaccharide that is widely available in nature.

a. Maltose 
Maltose is a disaccharide and is the result of the partial hydrolysis of starch (starch). Maltose molecules composed of α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose.



From the structure of maltose, it appears that the-O-as a liaison between units which connects C 1 of the α-D-glucose to C 4 of the β-D-glucose. Configuring the glycoside bond in maltose always α as maltose hydrolyzed by α-glucosidase. One molecule of maltose hydrolyzed into two molecules of glucose. 

b. Sukrosa 
Sucrose found in sugar cane and sugar beet. In everyday life known as table sugar sucrose. Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose molecules are linked by 1,2-α bonds.


Structure of sucroseSucrose hydrolyzed by the enzyme invertase produces α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose. Sugar mixture is called inversion sugar, sweeter than sucrose.If we look at the structure, anomerik carbon (the carbonyl carbon monosaccharide) of glucose and fructose in the water is not used to bind so that they do not have a group hemiasetal.Consequently, sucrose in water is in equilibrium with the aldehyde or ketone form that sucrose can not be oxidized. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar.
  
c. Laktosa 
Lactose is the major component found in mother's milk and cow's milk. Lactose molecule composed of β-D-galactose and α-D-glucose linked by bonds 1.4 '-β.

 The structure of lactoseHydrolysis of lactose with the help of enzymes galaktase resulting from digestion, will give the same equivalent amount of α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose. If the enzyme is missing or impaired, the baby can not digest milk. This situation is known as galactosemia disease commonly affects infants.

 Structure of sucroseSucrose hydrolyzed by the enzyme invertase produces α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose. Sugar mixture is called inversion sugar, sweeter than sucrose.If we look at the structure, anomerik carbon (the carbonyl carbon monosaccharide) of glucose and fructose in the water is not used to bind so that they do not have a group hemiasetal.Consequently, sucrose in water is in equilibrium with the aldehyde or ketone form that sucrose can not be oxidized. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar.





The structure of lactose 

Hydrolysis of lactose with the help of enzymes galaktase resulting from digestion, will give the same equivalent amount of α-D-glucose and β-D-galactose. If the enzyme is missing or impaired, the baby can not digest milk. This situation is known as galactosemia disease commonly affects infants.

Each molecule of glucose contains 38 ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Carbohydrate metabolism is affected by enzymes and hormone-specific hormones. The function of carbohydrates is as follows:1. As with producing calories (1 gram = 4.1 calories)2. Forming organic compounds such as fats and proteins3. Maintain acid base balance in the body 


2. Fat
 Fats are a group of organic bond comprising the elements Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), which has the property of substances soluble in certain solvents (solvent fats), such as ether. The fat has a high melting point is solid at room temperature, while having a low melting point, is fluid.  
Fats are solid at room temperature are called fat salary, while the liquid at room temperature are called oils. 
Fatty acids are made by the body are called nonessential fatty acids, whereas fatty acids derived from the diet are called essential fatty acidsThe fat function as follows: 
1. As a producer of energy (1 gram = 9.3 calories) 
2. Builders specific cell parts 
3. Solvents some vitamins, namely vitamins A, D, E, and K
 4. As the body armor of the low temperature.

3.Protein 
is a nutrient that is essential, because the closest relation to the procedural processes of life. All life living cells associated with protein nutrients. Protein name derived from the Greek word protebos, which means "the first" or "most important". Inside the cell, the protein exists as well as the structural protein metabolic proteins. Structural protein is an integral part of the cell structure and can not be extracted without causing disentegrasi cell. Metabolic proteins can be extracted without damage can be extracted without damaging the integrity of the cell structure itself.The properties of a protein is determined by: 
1. Amino acids found in protein molecules 
2. The number of each type of amino acid 
3. The composition of amino acids in a protein molecule

 There are some amino acids that can not be created by our bodies, so it must be obtained from our daily diet.  
Amino acids are called essential amino acids, amounting to 8, namely: lisineleusin, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.Protein chemically digested into amino acids which are then absorbed in the walls ahlus. These amino acids into the blood vessel and transported to the body's cells.The function of proteins, namely: 
1. Producing energy (1 gram = 4.1 calories) 
2. Builders of new networks and replace damaged 
3. Manufacturing the enzymes and hormones 
4. Guard acid base balance in the body
 5. Antibody-forming 

3.Protein
is the main component in living cells that play an important role in the life process. In a review of protein chemistry is a complex organic compounds of high molecular weight polymer with a monomer in the form of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and Phosphorus. For a discussion we examine the first protein monomer building blocks of protein are amino acids. sam acids are organic compounds having carboxylate functional group (COOH) and amine (NH2) attached to a carbon atom (Cɲ) the same, the atom is also generally a C asymmetric. The detailed structure of amino acids built by a C atom that binds to four groups namely amine (NH2), a carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and the rest of the group R.

Carboxylate groups of acidic amino acid causes an alkaline amine.
 
In the human body there are some amino acids that are not synthesized in the body the essential amino acids. The need for this amino acid in a can of food. There are ten kinds of essential amino acids, namely arginine, (Arg), Histidine (His), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), Methionin (Met), Phenilalanin (Phe), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp ) and Valine (Val). Essential amino acids can be obtained from foods such as eggs, meat, milk.